The development of aquaculture in the new era from a multi-dimensional perspective

Driven by economic factor, China's aquaculture expands and intensifies rapidly, meanwhile, the restrictions of land, fresh water and fishmeal to aquaculture development have become increasingly obvious, N and P emission, carbon footprint and ecological footprint of aquaculture systems are increasing significantly. Therefore, development pattern of China's aquaculture needs to be remoulded in a way of ecological intensification. From the multidimensional and sustainable development perspectives ,it can be inferred that, large inland waters (lakes and reservoirs) in China are suitable only for aquaculture without feeding; coastal maricultures (sheltered waters or shallow waters, <10 m in depth and <2 km="" from="" the="" coast="" are="" suitable="" only="" for="" extractive="" species="" farming="" offshore="" maricultures="" 10-50="" m="" in="" depth="">2 km from the coast) can develop various maricultures combined with sea ranching; far offshore mariculture (>50 m in depth, high sea or EEZ) for fish farming with steel frame cages or vessels will have a bright future. There is a long way to go for the ecological intensification of pond aquaculture and for reconstructing recirculating aquaculture systems to industrialized solar aquaculture systems.