Abstract: With global economic development and increasing demand for healthy food, aquaculture is playing an increasingly important role in the global food supply system. However, traditional aquaculture practices are also increasingly problematic, leading to inefficient resource utilization and environmental pollution. There is an urgent need to promote the transformation of aquaculture towards high-quality development. From the perspective of new quality productivity, this study assesses the high-quality development level of China's aquaculture industry and identifies its key constraints. The aim is to provide decision-making guidance for industrial transformation. Guided by the connotations of new quality productivity, the study constructs an evaluation index system encompassing five dimensions: industrial output, environmental benefits, social benefits, scientific and technological support, and operational management. The Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method is used to measure the development levels of 20 representative provincial-level aquaculture administrative regions in China, while an obstacle factor diagnostic model is introduced to identify constraints. The high-quality development of China's aquaculture industry exhibits significant imbalances, with an overall spatial pattern of "high in the east and low in the west". Three core obstacles hinder its advancement: insufficient environmental governance capacity, a weak scientific and technological support system, and lagging operational and management capabilities. Promoting high-quality development of aquaculture should be systematically pursued through five key aspects: optimizing industrial layout, strengthening green initiatives, enhancing scientific and technological support, strengthening organizational development, and improving talent and promotion systems.